设计耐腐蚀合金的理论

发布时间:2024-02-22


Fe-Cr and Ni-Cr binary alloys contain a sufficient proportion of chromium to act as typical corrosion-resistant metals due to the presence of a nanometre-thick passive oxidation protective film. If this film is damaged by scratches or abrasive wear, it will only have a small amount of metal dissolved. This is the main reason why stainless steel and other chromium-containing alloys, are used in critical applications including biomedical implants to nuclear reactor components. Elucidating the compositional dependence of this electrochemical behaviour has long been an open question in corrosion science.

With the advent of data mining, artificial intelligence, and increased computational power based on density functional theory (DFT), alloy families are being discovered at an increasing rate. However, there are no criteria for determining the formation of alloys with good service properties. Potential-pH diagrams constructed with DFT now assume thermodynamic equilibrium, but typically passive film growth is kinetically controlled; passivated films can be far from equilibrium, both in terms of crystal structure and composition.

在这项研究中,研究人员将注意力集中在钝化初始阶段发生的渗透过程上,称为初级钝化,这是一种在10毫秒或更短时间内发生的表面过程。基于Cr3,O2-和体心立方 (bcc) fe-cr晶体结构的离子半径,假设连接的表面-cr-o-cr键,也称为 “mer” 单元,可以演变成在fe-cr晶格中被第三最近邻 (NN) 距离隔开的Cr原子。Cr原子在fe-cr晶格中被第三最近邻 (NN) 距离隔开。对于面心立方 (fcc) ni-cr合金,类似的论点表明,Cr原子也可以间隔到第三NN距离,该距离仅略大于mer单元中Cr原子的间隔 (0.016 nm)。将渗流现象与钝化联系起来的关键动机与空间隔离的-cr-o-cr-mer单元的形成有关。由于在初始钝化期间Fe或Ni的选择性溶解,假设这些未连接的局部钝化区域可以被溶解掉,并且防止这种情况发生的唯一方法是使这些初始氧化物核连续或穿透合金表面。bcc和fcc随机固溶体的渗流阈值,包括直到第三个NN,在这里定义为0.095和0.061。重要的是,这些阈值仅针对钝化所需的Cr摩尔分数设定了较低的合成极限。在这些阈值处,为了发生主要钝化,Fe或Ni必须选择性地溶解到数千层的深度。

这里,必须认识到,主要钝化过程发生在拓扑或粗糙表面上,这些表面是由电化学金属和化学金属氧化物溶解形成的。图1a是示出了该合金表面的演变以及初始合金组成如何确定形成初级钝化膜所需的溶解深度h的演示图。图1b示出了针对bccfe/17-at %-Cr合金开发的钝化表面的动力学蒙特卡洛 (KMC) 模拟的比较结果。当Fe选择性溶解时,Cr在粗糙表面上富集。金属表面上足够尺寸的Cr原子簇充当-cr-o-cr-mer单元的成核位点,并且桥接或紧邻这些mer单元的Fe原子形成早期混合氧化物核。由于小Cr簇周围的Fe原子邻域会减弱mer单元形成的吉布斯自由能,因此钝化特定尺寸的Cr簇的电化学势将取决于其尺寸。